The journalists, who work for Ethiopian Satellite Television in Alexandria, Va., provide one of the few independent news sources to their homeland through regular television and radio feeds — to the irritation of the government there, which has accused journalists of “terrorism” and repeatedly jammed the signals of foreign broadcasters.
The struggle increasingly has stretched into cyberspace, where malicious software sold to governments for law enforcement purposes has been observed targeting the journalists, researchers said. The most recent documented case, from December, came several months after The Washington Post first detailed the government’s apparent deployment of the Internet spying tools, which though far cruder, offer some of the same snooping capabilities enjoyed by the National Security Agency and the intelligence services of other advanced nations.
“This is the second round of coordinated attempts at installing spyware so they can monitor our systems and uncover who our sources are inside of the Ethiopia,” said Neamin Zeleke, the managing director of Ethiopian Satellite Television, which is commonly known as ESAT. “This is a really tenacious attempt to crack down on freedom of expression.”
Zeleke became suspicious when a message arrived in his inbox in December with an attachment claiming to have information about upcoming elections. Normally, that’s the sort of information ESAT is eager to get its hands on: Ethiopia is ruled by a government notoriously unfriendly to the press — leaving much of the independent journalism on local affairs to outfits such as ESAT that operate outside of the country but rely on sources from inside Ethiopia.
But editors and reporters at ESAT have become wary of e-mails from unknown senders in recent years — and for good reason.
In 2013, the computer of one of Zeleke’s colleagues was infected with malware after the colleague opened what appeared to be a Microsoft Word file. They later learned that it was probably a commercial spying tool sold to governments around the world by the Italy-based vendor Hacking Team, according to researchers at Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto’s Munk School of Global Affairs.
So after receiving the recent suspicious e-mail, Zeleke said he forwarded it to the Citizen Lab researchers instead of opening the attachment.
The e-mail, along with other messages to Ethiopian journalists, show that Ethiopia appears to be continuing to wage a digital campaign against independent journalists — including some based within the United States — with the help of updated versions of Hacking Team software, according to the authors Bill Marczak, John Scott-Railton and Sarah McKune.
Sophisticated surveillance tools on a budget
While the debate over cyberattacks has been dominated by disclosure about National Security Agency capabilities and alleged cyberespionage campaigns of Chinese and Russian hackers, a booming commercial spyware market has put high-tech surveillance tools within the reach of governments worldwide. In the hands of repressive regimes, this can mean a wave of cyberattacks on journalists, human rights workers and political activists.
The Internet, instead of being a tool for organizing and spreading information about government abuse, can become a tool for oppression able to even reach those who have fled the physical borders of a country.
And the latest Citizen Lab report suggests that Hacking Team may continue to support its software to nations even after abuse was identified.
Hacking Team declined to comment on whether it sells its services to Ethiopia. “We do not disclose the identities of clients nor their locations as a matter of policy,” company spokesperson Eric Rabe told The Post. “Obviously, clients demand confidentiality and require it in order to conduct legitimate legal surveillance of suspects in cases of crime, terrorism or other wrongdoing.”
The Ethiopian government also did not directly answer questions about whether it uses Hacking Team’s products. “Ethiopia acts in compliance with its own laws and with the laws of nations,” Tesfaye Wolde of the Ethiopian Embassy in Washington said in a statement.
Hacking Team investigates allegations of abuse, Rabe said. “In cases where we find that an agency is misusing our technology, we can take a variety of actions up to and including suspending support for the system.”
He did not say, though, whether those investigations have ever resulted in a country being cut off. “It can be quite difficult to determine facts, particularly since we do not operate surveillance systems in the field for our clients,” Rabe said. “Assertions that may seem perfectly obvious to some can be extremely difficult to actually prove.”
And activists are skeptical. “Hacking Team is one of the go-to companies of authoritarian regimes who absolutely need spying capabilities and don’t want to develop them on their own,” said Christopher Soghoian, a principal technologist at the American Civil Liberties Union.
The company’s signature product is its Remote Control System (RCS), which allows governments to hack into the computers of targets and gain almost complete control. “For a few hundred thousand dollars, they will give you the software you need to take over someone’s webcams, microphones, and access other sensitive information,” Soghoian said.
It’s this RCS malware that Citizen Lab says attackers appear to have tried to use against ESAT. “In this case, what we have is the same entity who attacked ESAT in 2013 attacking them in December of 2014 using Hacking Team’s software again,” Marczak, one of researchers, said. The malware linked back to the same sort of control infrastructure as the previous version, and researchers uncovered other evidence, including an encryption certificate, that tie it back to Hacking Team, according to Citizen Lab.
The malware was modified from the version used against ESAT journalists reported in February 2014 to avoid tools developed to help activists and journalists detect whether they had been infected by commercial spyware, Citizen Lab said. The modifications to the malware indicate that Hacking Team continued to provide support to the Ethiopian government even after The Post on the issue last year.
Rabe of Hacking Team said the company’s software is regularly updated for customers who are not in violation of its customer policy, which says the company will stop providing support to a client if it believes their software has been used to “facilitate gross human rights abuses.”
The use of Hacking Team software is a strong sign that the Ethiopian government was behind the attack, Marczak said.
“The software is sold exclusively to governments — and in the case of ESAT, it doesn’t seem like there’s anyone else who would be interested in targeting them beyond Ethiopia,” he said.
But there are other signs that point to Ethiopia — including Internet addresses used by the attacker that were linked to an Ethiopian telecom provider, researchers said, as well as links uncovered between the attacker and a computer that calls itself “INSA-PC,” a possible reference to the Ethiopian Information Network Security Agency, or INSA.
Ethiopia’s crack down on journalists
Ethiopia has a poor track record on freedom of the press. “There’s been a systematic decimation of independent media” since 2010, said Felix Horne, Africa researcher at Human Rights Watch, featuring escalating tactics including threats of jail time.
And that campaign has become more aggressive as the country approaches elections in May, with 30 some journalists fleeing the country and six publications closing down in 2014, he said.
The State Department, which declined to comment for this story, has repeatedly expressed concern about human rights abuses by the country’s government against activists and journalists. But the United States maintains strong ties with Ethiopia, especially when it comes to combating Islamist extremism in neighboring Somalia. Wolde, of the Ethiopian Embassy, said that Ethiopia “has close working relations with the United States and has done nothing to jeopardize these relations.”
ESAT, which was started in 2010, is largely staffed by journalists who have fled Ethiopia, sometimes while facing the threat of torture or imprisonment, Zeleke said. While independent, the group is viewed by outside observers as tied to political opposition groups within Ethiopia. And the malware campaign shows that its reporters are within the digital grasp of the Ethiopian government, even if they’ve escaped its physical control, Zeleke said.
But he said that he is most worried about sources who share information with the outlet, often at significant personal risk. “We have all kinds of contacts who give us information,” Zeleke said. “The government wants to know who they are so they can crack down and arrest them.”
News of commercial surveillance tools has had a chilling effect among those inside Ethiopia and the diaspora, Horne said. “A lot of Ethiopians have become afraid to talk on tech that they previously considered secure like Skype or e-mail.”
Hacking Team is not the only company selling this type of technology. The Electronic Frontier Federation is currently suing Ethiopia on behalf of a U.S. citizen whose computer was allegedly infected in 2013 by FinSpy, another form of commercial spyware available to foreign governments.
Attempting to hack someone located in the United States with spyware is illegal, said Nate Cardozo, a lawyer with the EFF, unless done in partnership with domestic law enforcement agencies. “It’s absolutely a violation of U.S. law, probably both the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and the Wiretap Act,” he said.
Many companies that market their tools to foreign governments have made it a point to stay outside the range of U.S. courts, he said, and they often argue they cannot be held responsible for what a country does once it buys the products. “The industry turns a blind eye to the abuses of their products, and they have from the very beginning,” Cardozo said.
Rabe said that Hacking Team works to “prevent abuse in ways that no other company in our business comes close to.” Last month, the company announced it is complying with a European Union agreement that controls the export of its type of software. The company has previously committed not to sell to countries on various International blacklists.
But the latest Citizen Lab report could make it harder for the industry to insist they are ignorant of abuses, researchers said.
“This is the first case we’ve been able to identify where abuses have continued, Marczak said. “It’s very much a retort to the defenses we hear from this industry.”